Sunday, January 26, 2020
Detection of Impurities in Nd Doped Phosphate Laser Glass
Detection of Impurities in Nd Doped Phosphate Laser Glass Detection of the impurities in Nd doped phosphate laser glass by x-ray fluorescence technique Atul Kumar*, M. P. Kamath, A. S. Joshi, P. A. Naik, P. D. Gupta Laser Plasma Division A. K. Singh, M. K. Tiwari Indus Synchrotrons Utilization Division Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology, Indore 452013, M.P., India *Email: [emailprotected] Introduction: The advances in laser glass composition and manufacturing have enabled the development of third generation high energy high power (HEHP) lasers like the National Ignition facility (NIF)1 that are being used as drivers for fusion energy studies. These laser glasses are phosphate based because of their low intensity dependent refractive index n2 and have a compositions equivalent to LHG-8 of M/s Hoya, Japan or LG-770 glass of M/s Schott Ltd2. The manufacturing and handling procedures introduce many unwanted impurities in these glasses, leading to lower laser induced damage threshold and lower fluorescence life time. The x-ray fluorescence (XRF) is a powerful technique3 which can identify the elemental composition of such glasses in a non-destructive manner. In the XRF process, the specimen is excited with high energy photons, which can cause individual atoms to ionize. When these atoms undergo relaxation, the electrons relocate from a high energy orbital to a lower one. During this pro cess, fluorescence radiation is emitted. The emitted radiation has lower energy compared to the incident source and it depends on the specific electron transitions of the individual elements. Thus, the resulting x-ray fluorescence spectrum bears the signature of the elements present in the specimen. In the present study, we have performed XRF analysis on different laser glass samples and raw materials used for the fabrication of these glasses namely aluminum metaphosphate (AMP), barium metaphosphate (BMP) and potassium metaphosphate (KMP). The advantage of the this study is that it can indicate to the presence of most of the impurities like transition metal impurities (of interest to us) in one measurement, if their concentrations are of the order of few ppm (by weight) or more. Our studies on the glasses and the raw materials indicate that the raw materials are pure to the desired levels but the glasses fabricated using the raw materials show many impurities. These impurities are expected to enter during handling of the raw materials and from the glass-cullet during fabrication process. This study will help in improving the quality of the glass by repeatedly doing the XRF analysis after every stage, so that faulty handling can be identified. Method of fabrication of the phosphate laser glass: A two arm HEHP Nd:phosphate glass laser chain is operational at Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology (RRCAT), Indore4. A joint collaborative project is undertaken with Central Glass and Ceramic Research Institute (CGCRI), Kolkata to develop the process technology for the fabrication of the phosphate laser glasses equivalent to LHG-8 glass of M/s Hoya, to overcome the existing embargo. The phosphate laser glass is fabricated as a two step process. In the first step, the sintered raw material (AMP, BMP and KMP and Nd2O3 in appropriate fractions) is melted in a silica crucible. The glass-cullet produced as a result of melting in the silica crucible is cast. The cast glass is powdered and loaded in a bottom pouring platinum crucible for optical quality, and chemical and physical homogenization. During these steps in the fabrication, the impurities may be added to the glass at several stages, namely: a) mixing of the raw materials, b) impurities coming from the silica crucible, c) impurities coming from the glass-cullet cast, d) impurities coming from the platinum crucible, e) impurities coming during annealing and fine annealing of the glass. Six samples of laser glass (named LG-1 to LG-6) were fabricated at CGCRI for the studies. XRF analysis was done on different fabricated samples of laser glasses (LG-1 to LG-6) and raw material samples made from AMP, BMP and KMP, to identify the elemental impurities in laser glass and raw materials. In addition to this, the sensitivity of the XRF technique was also ascertained using small amounts of platinum deliberately added to the glass samples. Experiments and Methodology XRF analysis was performed at the BL-16 beamline of Indus-2 synchrotron facility5 on fabricated glass samples and the raw materials after the first step of melting in silica crucible. The glasses had platinum oxide dissolved in them because of its solubility in the laser glass. Platinum comes into the glass as an unavoidable impurity during homogenization of the glass in the platinum crucible. Metallic platinum absorbs at the lasing wavelength (1054 nm) and reduces the laser induced damage threshold (LIDT) of the laser glass. Oxygen bubbling is done in platinum crucible to reduce the OH bond impurity in the hygroscopic phosphate glass. The oxygen bubbling also oxidizes the platinum metal to its oxide, thereby reducing the metallic platinum in the glass. The other impurities occur because of the poor quality of the silica crucible and/or cast of glass-cullet in addition to poor handling during the mixing of the raw materials in the first step of melting. The glasses with different amounts of platinum oxide were: LG-1(5 ppm Pt), LG-2 (10 ppm Pt), LG-3(25 ppm Pt), LG-4 (5 ppm Pt with O2 bubbling), LG-5 (10 ppm Pt with O2 bubbling) and LG-6 (25 ppm Pt with O2 bubbling). Varying platinum oxide content helped in ascertaining the sensitivity of the technique to Pt impurity. In the experiment, an x-ray beam was incident on sample for excitation and scattered spectrum was recorded by the detector shown in Fig. 1. The samples were excited using 14 keV and 17 keV synchrotron x-rays, selected by a double-crystal monochromator system. The analyses have been done on all the raw powder materials (for qualitative analysis) and on the pallets (for quantitative analysis). 15 mm dia. pallets were formed using a semi-automatic pallet machine. One such pallet is shown in sample holder in Fig. 1. Figure 1: Raw specimens analyzed by XRF measurements The captured data was analyzed using the PyMCA software 6. The calibration of the measured fluorescence spectrum was achieved by selecting the ‘K’ lines of various elements present in the laser glass samples, and in the raw material samples. The method of spectrum calibration however needs a proper comparison with a standard doped sample as a confirmatory test to account for the variation in the actual composition of the fabricated laser glass samples and that measured with XRF. In the present study, XRF method was used to qualitatively see the presence of different impurities, strictly from the yes/no point of view, rather than the full quantitative estimation. Results and discussion: Figure 2 shows a typical spectrum of the fabricated LG-1 glasses and the raw material BMP. The impurities found in the fabricated glasses are listed in Table 1. The silicon impurity occurs because of melting in silica crucible. Sr impurity seen in BMP as Ba and Sr are chemically close to each other. For the same reason, Rb impurity was found in KMP. However, there no impurities were seen in AMP. The transition metal impurities however may come either from during handling of raw materials or through the casts of glass-cullet. This will be ascertained in future by casting the glass in casts made of different materials like graphite, aluminum, and stainless steel. The studies of impurities after the casting of the glass will give idea about its origin. In addition to this, the XRF technique was found to be sensitive to ~ 5 ppm of Pt impurities. Figure 2: a) Typical spectrum of a) LG-1 fabricated glass, and b) Barium meta-phosphate specimen (raw material) Table 1: List of the impurities present in the glass samples Summary: We have presented XRF analysis on different laser glasses (LG-1 to LG-6) and raw materials (AMP, BMP and KMP) used for the fabrication of such glasses. The impurities in these glasses may be entering during handling or coming from the silica crucible, or the cast for the glass-cullet. The XRF method was also found to be sensitive up to ~ 3 ppm of platinum, as was observed in studies of LG-4 glass. In contrast, the raw materials were found to be free from transition element impurities. Further studies to improve the quality of glass are required to be undertaken. Acknowledgement: We acknowledge the contribution of Dr. R. Sen, Dr. Annapurna and other colleagues of the glass division, CGCRI Kolkata for preparation of the phosphate laser glass samples for the XRF studies. References: L. L. Seaver, LLNL report (925) 423 (Oct. 2010) J. H. Campbell and T. I. Suratwala, J. Non-Cryst. Solids 318, 2638 (2000). M. Mantler and M. Schreiner, X-Ray Spectrum. 29, 3 (2000) A.S. Joshi et al, EPJ Web of Conferences 59, 08001 (2013). M. K. Tiwari, P. Gupta, A. K. Sinha, S. R. Kane, A. K. Singh, S. R. Garg, C. K. Garg, G. S. Lodha and S. K. Deb, J. Synchrotron Rad. 20, 386 (2013). V.A. Solà ©, E. Papillon, M. Cotte, Ph. Walter, J. Susini, Spectrochimica Acta B 62, 63 (2007)
Saturday, January 18, 2020
Discovering Themes In Poetry
IntroductionPoetry at its deepest level, communicates unspeakable aspects of human experience. It is man’s greatest invention a channel wherein he gains the power to manipulate words to better express his thoughts and feelings. It has the unique ability to delve deeply in all topics imaginable, with which language becomes the media for translation and portrayal, offering an image of a world perceived and delivered through curt and descriptive words.Poets may venture a variety of themes, with all probability that each one may create literary pieces having the same theme. Edna St. Vincent Millay’s â€Å"What Lips My Lips Have Kissed†written on 1923 and Dorothy Parker’s â€Å"Review of the Sex Situation†both touched the theme on love. What made each of their works unique and set apart from one another is the poets’ outlook towards the subject.Similarity of the Poems AnalyzedMillay and Parker’s poems both divulge a sad conclusion on love brought about by a series of unsuccessful attempts on relationships. Contrary to what is implicated in Millay’s â€Å"What Lips My Lips Have Kissed†, the poem does not implicate romance and heart-warming recollections of past relationships. It talks about a woman constantly falling in and out of love and had come to realize that love is an elusive thing:                                   â€Å"I cannot say what loves have come and gone,                                   I only know that summer sang in me                                   A little while, that in me sings no more.†The last line implies resignation, a phrase which seems to have accepte d that â€Å"there is nothing more for me in this thing called love†. Summer passed her by, indicating her chances of finding her heart’s desire had come to pass as well. Further on, the last three lines implies either that she has aged and finding a man who will want her has become beyond probable or her heart has grown tired from flinging from one man to another and finding them â€Å"vanished one by one†. Parker on the other hand, seemed to be wary whether love will still bring good to her when she said:                                              â€Å"With this gist and sum of it,                                              What earthly good can come out of it?†Knowing that l ove is an unsteady and fleeting feeling, the possibility of loving someone only brings about sadness and pain. Love does not serve its purpose when it only breeds grief and unwarranted loyalty. What other purpose does love serve then given the situation? Love, according to the two poets, just seems to come and go and holding on to it and instilling in the consciousness that â€Å"Love is woman’s moon and sun†(Parker) will only be futile and will only cause more sad recollections and loneliness when â€Å"in the winter stands the lonely tree†(Millay).Parker and Millay’s sad conclusion on love was anchored on man’s fleeting emotions. Love, as Parker said, â€Å"is woman’s moon and sun†yet, â€Å"man delights in novelty†and when woman views man as her lord, â€Å"count to ten, and man is bored†. Despite showing the man how much the woman loves him, he seems to be discontented and will grow weary of the relationship. He g oes from one relationship to another, unconsciously leaving each woman behind, sad and broken hearted. Parker portrayed man as a soul discontented and never easily satisfied having one woman beside him. This then lead her to questioning whether love can still be good when man, as a partaker of love, is hardly satisfied with one. Millay seemed to have suffered from man’s uncanny ability to change heart in a short time, as a matter of fact, she had experienced quite a few of them when she opened her poem thus:                                   â€Å"What lips my lips have kissed, and where, and                                    when and why,                                    I have forgotten, and what arms have lain                                   under my head till morning; but in the rain                                   Is full of ghosts tonight, that tap and sigh†¦Ã‚                                   And in my heart there stirs a quiet pain                                   For unremembered lads that not again                                   Will turn to me at midnight with a cry.†The reader may convey a different image from what Millay narrated about her experiences. But the stirring in her heart proved it otherwise. The woman is clearly longing and looking for a true love, yet from all the men she had encountered, she appeared to have been used. It is an understatement that she easily responds to men who turn to her at midnight and cry hoping that in each man, there might be one who truly loves her and will stay. Millay’s experience is a confirmation of what Parker is saying when she concluded men to be easily bored and delighted in novelty.Point of Difference Found in the PoemsWhile both poets shared the same sad realization on love, the tone of the poem marked the difference with which each poet conveyed their message to their reader. Millay tells of a woman who constantly fall in and out of love and had come in full realization that not one of them really stayed long for her to remember:â€Å"I have forgotten, what arms have lain un der my head in the morning. In the end, the poem speaks of loneliness and longing, even regret for something that will never be fulfilled: â€Å"loves has come and gone†¦summer that sang in me†¦sings no more.†She likened each of her encounters to seasons and days, signifying her sadness and brief happiness as well as the gnawing loneliness as she discovered that summer ceased to sing to her. She uses strong and descriptive words that truly showed her feelings. The word vanished implied lost forever and with this she felt lonely. Each element of nature that Millay used – rain, ghosts in the night, midnight with a cry, winter and summer – amplified the strength of her longings and regrets.Parker on the one hand, is a woman who had a full grasp of the reality concerning man-woman relationship and the irony that exists between them. Her poem’s tone is that of sardonic and sarcastic, though, as a woman she still felt wary of what that realization on men implicated. Still, this made her poem less emotional than that of Millay despite the gravity of the message of her poem. Her curt portrayal of man and woman’s difference is to a point laughable yet contemplative; it makes one think for a while and comes to examine the validity of the poet’s claim. Even her concluding statement became less melodramatic:                                              â€Å"With this gist and sum of it,                                              What earthly good can come of it?†While Millay’s concluding statement:                                    â€Å"I cannot say what loves have come and gone,                                    I only know that summer sang in me                                   A little while, that in me sings no more,†divulged resignation and loneliness, Parker’s seemed to challenge her women readers to ponder on the truth of her claim. Though the impact of the question is sad in that it shows love as incompetent and unreliable, it does not invoke a feeling of pity or grief. Her poem’s tone is light and humorous yet very reflective.ConclusionThe theme love is indeed a very broad topic. It covers vast array of situations conceivable in man’s day to day experiences – from sad to hatred born from deceitful love; forbidden love when one or two people di sagrees with the relationship; unrequited love, when only one person experiences the feeling; loneliness when one does not find the right one; and mockery when one seems to have lost faith in love. It can also be love of parents to child, friend to another and human to animals. Discovering varied themes in poetry is indeed very trying for though it constitutes one value, it is further broken down to specific categories whichever it is that the poet find fanciful and relevant.
Friday, January 10, 2020
The Appeal of Comparing and Contrasting Essay Samples
The Appeal of Comparing and Contrasting Essay Samples A comparison essay is among them. Conclusion In the last paragraph, give a brief, general overview of the most essential similarities and differences. For example, you may try to spell out the way that it tastes to be Dracula. Essays might be lightly modified for readability or to defend the anonymity of contributors, but we don't edit essay examples ahead of publication. Writing is a skill that someone can learn. Since you may see, the topics are broken up into multiple categories so it would be simpler that you select one. Before you begin, it is vital to choose topics that you truly know well. Brainstorm the probable topics you're able to argue about effectively. In most instances, the topics you pick should be closely related. Ruthless Comparing and Contrasting Essay Samples Strategies Exploited The introduction has three essential elements. When writing any form of academic paper, an individual should be able to get familiar with the basics of writing. You may also order a fully written compare and contrast essay and alleviate the quantity of work you must do. If you must compose a comparative essay but is unaware on how it is possible to do one effectively, you can browse through the samples that we've gathered for you so that you can be more enlightened on the best way to structure both the content and layout of this sort of essay. If you are thinking about how to begin a compare and contrast essay or merely wish to know how to write one well, first you have to comprehend its objective. You can begin with the sort of topic you select for your compare and contrast essay. Much like descriptive essay examples and other types of academic essays, a comparative essay can be made in various ways. A very good compare-and-contrast essay goes beyond a very simple listing of similarities and differences to earn a meaningful statement about a bigger topic. If you are going to write a comparative essay, you will need to get a notion of the impacts of unique aspects to the result you may get at the conclusion of the writing activity. You might also get in touch with your writer to supply some excess recommendations or request information regarding the order's progress. The conclusion is the simplest part. The following are several ways of organizing and designing such an essay. It's possible to interest books, movies or articles which are discussing exactly the same topic you're likely to approach in your essay. As soon as you inform us about all of the paper information, we'll begin searching for an ideal writer for your paper. This essay lists the wellness benefits existing in both vegetarian and vegan diets as well as the reasons a lot of people choose one of the 2 diets. Nowadays it is quite difficult to locate a trustworthy essay writing service. Based on the writing task which you have at hand, the things you may include in your comparative essay can fluctuate. Reading example essays works exactly the same way! You also know how to discover sources and the very best kind to utilize in your paper to allow it to be relevant and interesting. The sources you use has to be authentic to your topic, also referred to as authoritative, and have to be logical to the message you're trying to get across, or pertinent. As a college student, you have to give yourself the opportunity to experience all compare and contrast essay ideas. You see that it's an unusual topic that might be quite tough to imagine or explain, but some students might just turn that topic into a masterpiece. In the duration of obtaining an education, students need to deal with unique tasks and overcome many challenges of different complexity. Students who excel in writing about such complex topic might have an opportunity to be enrolled into a number of the very best Art universities to come up with their abilities and talent.
Wednesday, January 1, 2020
Brutal The American Civil War - Free Essay Example
Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1846 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2019/05/08 Category History Essay Level High school Topics: Civil War Essay Cold War Essay Did you like this example? Historically war has proven to be an excellent facilitator in the spread of disease. War takes advantage of the crowded unsanitary conditions wounded soldiers are placed in. The movement of sick troops from one base to another spreads any infectious diseases from person to person often unexpectedly. The American Civil War was no exception to this phenomena, with diseases spreading rapidly throughout the troops of both sides. Disease and sickness played such a tremendous role in this war that the leading cause of death wasnt being killed by the opposing side but dying of sickness. The American Civil War began on April 12th 1861 shortly after the election of former President Abraham Lincoln. The war itself took place in thousands of locations across the border of the Southern Confederate States of America and the Northern Union. As its namesake implies, this war was a series of fights between the Northern and Southern states of the United States of America with minimal to no interference from outside countries. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Brutal The American Civil War" essay for you Create order As with most major battles the American Civil War didnt erupt overnight with one incident. The Civil War was the product of a series of confrontations concerning the institution of slavery within the United States. The southern states which lawfully still allowed the ownership of slaves began to experience frequent slave rebellions often resulting in the deaths of slaveholders. The most gruesome rebellion happened on August 1831 at the hands of a slave by the name of Nat Turner. Turner rallied a group of approximately 70 slaves and for two days killed a total of 61 white people across several plantations in southern Virginia. Turners rebellion came to an end after local police and the militia managed to captured its participants. The rebellion resulted in the removal of the few civil rights slaves and free black people possessed. The North had moved away from being a primarily agricultural economy and was progressively moving towards industrialization. With no need for slave labor, slavery was abolished in the North. However, the Souths economy relied on large-scale farming that depended on the labor slaves. Without slaves southerners believed there economy would ultimately collapse and bring about a depression. The election of Republican candidate Abraham Lincoln into office created a sense of unrest in the hearts of Southern slaveholders. President Lincoln was strongly against slavery and tried to abolish it in the United States as a whole. Fearing economic depression southerners began to revolt against President Lincolns ideology. The conflict between North and South continued to grow with a series of event leading up to the start of the war. These included The Compromise of 1850, , the case of Dred Scott v. Sandford, The Bleeding Kansas Era, and The Battle of Fort Sumter. The Compromise of 1850 was a set of laws passed dealing with the controversial issue of slavery. As part of the compromise California entered the Union becoming the 16th free state. The Compromise of 1850 also prohibited the slave trading in the nations capital, Washington D.C. Even though the Compromise banned the slave trade in Washington D.C, it still allowed the holding of slaves within the capital. One of the laws introduced by the Compromise of 1850 was the the Fugitive Slave Law. The law required northerners to return runaway slaves to their owners under penalty of law. The Compromise of 1850 was created in hopes of creating a common-ground for the issue of slavery. However, all of the laws passed under the Compromise did nothing to settle the overall issue of slavery. Tensions increased with the Supreme court case of Dred Scott v. Sandford in 1857. Dred Scott was a Virginia slave who tried to sue for his freedom in court, which reached the level of the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court Justice came to a conclusion. It was decided that because Dred Scott was a once a slave he was a considered a piece of property who therefore lacked the legal rights awarded to a human beings. The decision in Dred Scott v. Sandford continued to increase tensions between the North and South. Antislavery forces were angered by the power the southern states were granted when it came to the ownership of slaves. These antislavery forces felt that it was unconstitutional for slaveholders to still control the lives and right of freed slaves. Despite the Missouri Compromise having already been repealed prior to the case, the decision nonetheless appeared to favor the Southern version of national power. The Bleeding Kansas era was a period of violence during the settling of what is now Kansas. Kansas at a time was just a territory and was the heart of pro-slavery and anti-slavery battles. The Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 overturned the Missouri Compromises use of the latitude as the boundary between slave and free territory. Instead, it used popular sovereignty so that the residents of the territory would determine whether the area became a free state or a slave state. Pro- and anti-slavery protestors rushed into Kansas with hopes of shifting the decision by sheer weight of numbers. Heated exchanges between the two forces lasted 7 years with sporadic violent outbreaks which consumed fifty-six lives. Even though antislavery constitutions were eventually officially ratified, the violence further increased the tension between the North and South. Historians often associate the beginning of the American Civil War with the Battle of Fort Sumter. As a result of the secession on the southern states, the Confederacy had demanded President Lincoln to abandon Fort Sumter as it was located on Charleston Harbor. President Lincoln refused the ultimatum placed on him. The Battle of Fort Sumter took place on April 12, 1861, when Confederate warships turned back the supply convoy being sent to Fort Sumter. Upon halting the convoy the Confederate army proceeded to open fire on the Fort lasting almost a day and a half. After 34 hours of bombarding the stronghold the events leading to the start of the American Civil War ultimately resulted in the secession of 11 southern states and the birth of what was then considered a new separate country. In less than two months a total 7 southern states had chosen to secede from the United States. South Carolina was the first state to separate from the United States on December 20, 1860. Mississippi, Fl orida, Alabama, Georgia, and Louisiana were the next five states to secede shortly after in the month of January. Texas was the last state to separate in the first wave of the secession. The next round of secession resumed on April 17, 1861 with the defection of Virginia and ended on June 8th of that year after Arkansas, North Carolina and Tennessee had seceded. The 11 southern states became The Confederate States of America, the enemy of the Union during this time of social and political unrest. The American Civil War is one of only a few wars where the majority of accounted deaths came from disease or sickness and not combat. With every soldier murdered on the battlefield, two more soldiers would perish from the likes of faulty health. Military camps during the American Civil War provided a stable environment for disease to spread. Camps were cluttered with injured and plagued soldiers, contaminated water, and bad odors. Sanitation was a big factor in the spread of disease as soldiers would go weeks without showering contributing to the foul smell. War doctors are also guilty of aiding in the spread of sickness as many failed to follow protocol. Doctors were limited during the war forcing doctors to bounce from patient to patient within minutes. Doctors didnt have time to wash their hands or sanitize their equipment in between bouncing in between patients. The possibility of blood and puss of one patient being transferred to the open wound of another patient was extremely p ossible. Diarrhea was a common medical problems on both Confederate and Union sides. A total of 1,528,098 cases of severe diarrhea were recorded among Union troops alone. Diarrhea was constant in army life, and most cases werent taken into much consideration. Causes of the diarrhea included food spoilage and bacterium causing dysentery. Dysentery is an infection in the intestinal tract caused by the Shigella bacillus bacterium. Individuals plagued with dysentary experience symptoms ranging from stomach cramps to diarrhea. Chronic diarrhea and chronic dysentery were became a much larger problem during the war than it is today. The fatality rates for the chronic forms were quite high: 16.2% for chronic diarrhea and 12.6% of the cases diagnosed as chronic dysentery. Smallpox was one of the leading causes of death during the Civil War. Smallpox was a serious infectious disease caused by the variola virus that has now been eradicated. The virus itself was contagious, capable of spreading from one person to another. Smallpox is characterized by a fever and severe skin rash. Malaria was a prominent disease during the American Civil War with a total of 1,028,750 reported cases. Malaria is a serious and possibly fatal disease caused by a protozoan parasite in the Plasmodium genus that is transmitted by mosquitoes. Individuals infected with Malaria tend to experience high fever, shaking, vomiting, diarrhea and flu like symptoms. Malaria cant be transmitted through human contact only through the bite of an Anopheles mosquito. Soldiers were generally bitten in the summertime when traveling through dense swamps which harbor the ideal watery habitat for mosquito breeding. Fortunately malaria can now be cured with the use of prescription drugs. Drugs used depend on the type of malaria, severity of symptoms, and where the malaria was contacted. If this war occured in 2018 I dont think there would be a problem in regards to the spread of disease. Aside from fighting, the biggest problem associated with this war was disease that stemmed from unsanitary conditions and unhygienic practices. As a country weve evolved in many ways to combat these. The U.S Armed Forces have set a strict sanitary protocol and our troops dont live in raggedy run down camps as they did in the past. Our surgeons and doctors are no longer amateurs to the medical field, they have undergone years of schooling and medical practice. Medicine has also come along way since then. Modern medicine will be able to treat and cure most if not all of disease that were associated with this war greatly reducing the number of casualties. The 620,000 deaths from the American Civil War be cut in half now that were more advanced in medical and sanitary practices. The American Civil War was a brutal but crucial event in the history of the United States that has forever engraved its mark in our history books. The war was the product of a multitude of triggering events that further increased tensions between the pro-slave Confederacy and the anti-slavery Union. The American Civil War has unique place in terms of casualties with most deaths coming from disease. For every 1 person that died in combat, two more died from sickness. This can be attributed to the inexperience of medical personnel, unhygienic conditions, and shortage of medicinal supplies. Many of the leading causes of diseases like dysentery/diarrhea, smallpox, and malaria wouldnt be a problem with modern medicine, especially smallpox which has now been eradicated.
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