Nickel and Dimed On Not Getting By In America

In her book Nickel and Dimed: On Not Getting By In America, journalist Barbara Ehrenreich conducted ethnographic research to study what it’s like to be a low-wage worker in the United States. Ehrenreich took an immersive approach to her research: she worked in low-wage jobs, such as food service and housecleaning, in order to better understand these workers’ lives. Key Takeaways: Nickel and Dimed Barbara Ehrenreich worked at several low-wage jobs in order to immerse herself in the experience of low-wage workers in the United States.Without revealing her full educational background or skills to employers, Ehrenreich took a series of jobs as a waitress, housecleaner, nursing home aide, and retail worker.In her research, Ehrenreich found that low-wage employees often go without health insurance and struggle to find affordable housing.She found that low-wage jobs can be both physically and psychologically demanding for employees. At the time of her research (around 1998), roughly 30 percent of the workforce in the United States worked for $8 an hour or less. Ehrenreich cannot imagine how these people survive on these low wages and sets out to see first-hand how they get by. She has three rules and parameters for her experiment. First, in her search for jobs, she cannot fall back on any skills derived from her education or usual work. Second, she had to take the highest-paying job that was offered to her and do her best to keep it. Third, she had to take the cheapest accommodations she could find, with an acceptable level of safety and privacy. When presenting herself to others, Ehrenreich was a divorced homemaker reentering the workforce after many years. She told others that she had three years of college at her real-life alma mater. She also gave herself some limits on what she was willing to endure. First, she would always have a car. Second, she would never allow herself to be homeless. And finally, she would never allow herself to go hungry. She promised herself that if any of these limits approached, she would dig out her ATM card and cheat. For the experiment, Ehrenreich took on low-wage jobs in three states in America: in Florida, Maine, and Minnesota. Florida The first city Ehrenreich moves to is Key West, Florida. Here, the first job she gets is a waitressing position where she works from 2:00 in the afternoon until 10:00 at night for $2.43 an hour, plus tips. After working there for two weeks, she realizes that she will have to get a second job to get by. She is starting to learn the hidden costs of being poor. With no health insurance to see a doctor when health issues first arise, those who are uninsured can end up with significant and costly health problems. Also, with no money for a security deposit, many poor people are forced to live in a cheap hotel, which in the end is more costly because there is no kitchen to cook and eating out means spending more money on food that is anything but nutritious. Ehrenreich picks up a second waitressing job, but soon discovers that she cannot work both jobs. Because she can make more money at the second job, she quits the first one. After a month of waitressing there, Ehrenreich gets another job as a maid in a hotel making $6.10 an hour. After one day of working at the hotel, she is tired and sleep deprived and has an awful night at her waitressing job. She then decides she has had enough, walks out on both jobs, and leaves Key West. Maine After Key West, Ehrenreich moves to Maine. She chose Maine because of the large number of white, English speaking people in the low-wage force and notes that there is an abundance of work available. She begins by living in a Motel 6, but soon moves to a cottage for $120 a week. She gets a job as a housecleaner for a cleaning service during the week and as a nursing home aide on the weekends. The housecleaning job gets more and more difficult for Ehrenreich, both physically and mentally, as the days go by. The schedule makes it difficult for any of the women to have a lunch break, so they usually pick up a few items such as potato chips at a local convenience store and eat them on the way to the next house. Physically, the job is extremely demanding and the women Ehrenreich works with often take pain medications to ease the pain of performing their duties. In Maine, Ehrenreich discovers that there is little assistance for the working poor. When she tries to get assistance, she finds that the people she speaks to are rude and unwilling to help. Minnesota The last place Ehrenreich moves to is Minnesota, where she believes there will be a comfortable balance between rent and wages. Here she has the most difficulty finding housing and eventually moves into a hotel. This exceeds her budget, but it is the only safe choice. Ehrenreich gets a job at a local Wal-Mart in the ladies’ clothing section making $7 an hour. This is not enough to buy any cooking items to cook for herself, so she lives on fast food. While working at Wal-Mart, she starts to realize that the employees are working too hard for the wages they are paid. She starts to plant the idea of unionizing into other employees minds, however she leaves before anything is done about it. Evaluation In the last part of the book, Ehrenreich reflects back on each experience and what she learned along the way. Low-wage jobs, she discovered, are very demanding, often degrading, and are ridden with politics and strict rules and regulations. For instance, most of the places she worked had policies against the employees speaking to one another, which she thought was an attempt to keep employees from airing their dissatisfaction and attempting to organize against the management. Low-wage workers typically have very few options, little education, and transportation problems. These people at the bottom 20 percent of the economy have very complex problems and it is typically very difficult to change their situation. The main way that wages are kept low in these jobs, says Ehrenreich, is by reinforcing the employees’ low self-esteem that is inherent in each job. This includes random drug-tests, being yelled at by management, being accused of breaking rules, and being treated like a child. References Ehrenreich, B. (2001). Nickel and Dimed: On Not Getting By In America. New York, NY: Henry Holt and Company.

Infertility A Common Endocrine System Disorder Among...

Infertility due to Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome Infertility affects close to 6.1 Million US women during the reproductive age (7). What is infertility? Infertility is generally defined as â€Å"the inability to conceive after 12 months of unprotected sex. After the age of 35 pregnancy becomes more difficult and if infertility persist a shorter timeframe of six months is recommended (2). Infertility is not an illness it is a disease. This disease may not always be painful physically but the pain is inside, it mentally hurts and emotionally hurts. Lack of ovulation called anovulation is the main reason for infertility in these women, Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome is a main contributor to anovulation (2). Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome will be further referenced as PCOS. Women experiencing infertility and diagnosed with PCOS may be asking what is POCS, what are the symptoms of PCOS, are there any treatments for PCOS? What is PCOS? The Mayo Clinic (2016) defines PCOS as a common endocrine system disorder among women of reproductive age (p1). In short, the syndrome is a hormonal malfunction in a woman’s body. Physicians and scientists are unsure of a cause but seem to shift towards a genetic glitch (1). Normally the pituitary gland in the brain releases two hormones, Luteinizing Hormone and Follicle Stimulating Hormone which stimulates the pancreases to increase insulin production (9). The Follicle Stimulating Hormone [FSH] does just that, it stimulated the follicles in theShow MoreRelatedA Brief Article On Ovary Syndrome ( Pcos )1654 Words   |  7 PagesReddit Share this article on Pinterest Expert Author Navodita Maurice The endocrine disorders among females are of various types but the most common one is the polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) which is basically an inherited disorder and can be received from either parent. The chances of occurrence of this disorder vary from 5-10% among the females of age group of 12-45 resulting in female sub-fertility. This endocrine disorder can be identified by anovulation which is diagnosed by irregular menstruationRead MoreThe Medical Uses Of Birth Control Pills1955 Words   |  8 Pagestwenty eight percent or ten million six hundred women of reproductive age are currently are using birth control pills for various medical reasons. Birth control pills are a synthetic form of the hormones progesterone (a steroid released by the corpus luteum that stimulates the uterus to prepare for pregnancy) and estrogen or oestrogen ( the primary female sex hormone which is responsible for development and regulation of the female reproductive system). (http://medical-dictionary .thefreedictionaryRead MoreClinical Genetics Department, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt1525 Words   |  7 Pages Association of PPARG Pro12Ala Polymorphism with Metabolic Parameters in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Moushira Zakia*, Naglaa Hassan a, Hala T. El-Bassyouni b, Sanaa Kamal a, Ramy Mohamed a, Osama Azmy c, Khalda Amr d a Biological Anthropology Department, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt b Clinical Genetics Department, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt c Reproductive Health Research Department, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt d Molecular Genetics Department, National ResearchRead MoreThe Role Of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome ( Pcos )2046 Words   |  9 Pagesis a common endocrine disorder that affects 4% to 12% of women of childbearing age.1 The proportion of individuals in a population with PCOS depends on the diagnostic criteria.2 According to the criteria implemented by the European Society for Human Reproduction and Embryology/American Society for Reproductive Medicine, PCOS is as great as 15% to 20%.2 As stated in The National Institute of Health Office of Disease Prevention Report, PCOS impacts about 5 million females of reproductive age in UnitedRead MoreThyroid Hormones : A Gland Associated With The Endocrine System Of The Body1786 Words   |  8 PagesHira Rehman Professor Dr. Joseph Esdin BIOL 202 February 1, 2016 Hyperthyroidism The thyroid is a gland associated with the endocrine system of the body. 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It can prevent plants from making proteins that are needed to grow. Eating, drinking, or smoking right after you came in close contact with glyphosate can speed up the process of an illness causing a risk to yourRead MoreCase Study in Nursing8060 Words   |  33 PagesCongenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH) refers to a complex series of rare but well-studied enzymatic errors of metabolism with deficient levels of different enzymes involved in the synthesis of cortisol (hydrocortisone). CAH comprises a group of disorders resulting from defective synthesis of adrenal corticosteroids. Lack of glucocorticoids, especially cortisol, causes various kinds of metabolic problems. The response to low levels of cortisol is increased production of corticotropin (ACTH). LackRead MorePatient Family Care Study on Ovarian Cyst at Crh - Cape Coast15920 Words   |  64 PagesCoast from 22nd February to 26th February, 2010. She was seen and admitted by Dr. Keenan through the Out-Patient Department of the hospital at 2:00pm on the 22nd February, 2010 with the history of irregular menstrual bleeding, lower abdominal pain, infertility and was diagnosed as ovarian cyst after an abdominal scan was done. My interaction with her started on the same admission date at 2: 20 pm when she was brought to the ward accompanied by the husband Mr. J.A and an Out-Patient Department nurse ofRead MoreBhopal Gas Disaster84210 Words   |  337 Pageswere 138071 and 139067. Apart from the girl, the mother and her son also obtained compensation of Rs 70,000 and Rs 25,000 in the year 1994 and 1999, respectively. The claims clearly contained the name of the girl, her parents name, residence and age. Despite this, they were sanctioned twice in four months. The girl was also directed to remain present in the claims court on March 18 and July 19, 1999, to receive compensation as per the claimed letters. Bhartiya Jan Morcha district president Pradeep

Physical and emotional health Free Essays

Crucial to the changing lifestyle of any person, particularly a young adult such as myself, is that of being both physically and emotionally healthy in order to succeed in this forever changing world. When undergoing stress, whether it be physical or emotional, the brain changes in ways that will affect its overall function. When a person undergoes a high amount of stress for a long period of time without any treatment, it can lead to more serious problems such as strokes and heart diseases. We will write a custom essay sample on Physical and emotional health or any similar topic only for you Order Now Physically, an overload of stress constantly can lead to long term, negative effects. Some effects can include heart problems, musculoskeletal conditions, migraines, and headaches. Other effects that could arise Include Internal problems having to do with digestion and diet. Emotionally, an excess amount of stress can lead to problems mentally such as anxiety, depression, panic attacks, etc. Difficulty focusing and Irritability can result from this as well. (1) As for a physical therapist, the healthcare Industry Is constantly changing, Just Like the outside world. These physical therapists face many different situations in which stress is a prevalent factor, and it is essential n this field to be able to handle stress incredibly well in order to do their job to their utmost potential. Everyone has some sort of tolerance or outside forces including stress, however, tolerance levels vary from person to person. Not only can too much physical stress over a period of time affect the body on the outside through fatigue and laziness, but it does internal damage as well. Long term stress can disrupt the body’s digestive process in a negative way. By affecting nutrients that can be absorbed by a person’s intestines, stress can cause nausea, constipation, vomiting, and other irregularities. 1) To maintain proper physical health, it is important to exercise regularly and attempting to reduce stress in any way possible. A physical self-assessment I did on myself allowed me to conclude that my physical health is excellent. My resting heart rate was 57 BPML, and my resting blood pressure was 125/70, and after slight exercise, both my heart rate and blood pressure increased at a healthy rate in accordance to the amount of exercise I did. These are average for a healthy person of my age range. My waist to hip ratio was excellent as well being that my score was . 835. After calculating my body mass index, I landed in the healthy range scoring a 21. 401. In terms of flexibility, I scored in the normal range of the 90/90 floor stretch, and I was able to touch my fingers when reaching behind my back which result In having good shoulder flexibility. When doing modified pushup, I was able to score excellent in the upper body strength category by doing over 20, and I also did over 20 chair tough squats which landed me In the excellent category for lower body strength. I have a small frame size, but I am very active and athletic. My body type Is In between extempore and mesosphere, but I am closer to mesosphere. (2) By playing soccer for Marseille has allowed me to relieve much of my stress through dally exercise. Also, we have â€Å"chalk talks† in which I can direct my attention away from other stresses in my life and focus on our team’s system and what I can do to contribute to it. My physical activity routine will continue for the next four and a half years because soccer is a year round sport. In the postseason we will be doing well to ensure my health and continues physical fitness. I have good bone health and am at less of a risk of getting any bone diseases because I am Caucasian and regularly take protein supplements and sometimes take other vitamin supplements. (2) Although my large amount of exercise plays a huge role in my physical health, it also plays a key part in my emotional fitness. Poor emotional fitness is linked to a lack of focus and bad decision making. Psychological effects can include irritability, anxiety, depression, phobias, relationship conflicts, and others. (1) Any kind of stress relieving activity will help with gaining motional fitness. Exercise, meditation, or having fun can release stress, calm the mind, and fill it with healthier thoughts. It is so crucial to have a positive attitude as well. A person can think of others and themselves in a less Judgmental way and in a more compassionate way. I filled out a few questionnaires about happiness. For example, a questionnaire called the PERM (Positive Emotion, Engagement, Relationships, Meaning, and Accomplishment), and it stated that I scored higher than 99% of people my age and higher than 98% of my gender by scoring a 9. 67/10. (3) Another questionnaire I took called the Rare Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SIRS) showed that I have had more stress than normal in the last 6 months. (4) This is most likely because I started college classes and college soccer. My life has changed a lot in the past 6 months, but I am coping with everything in a professional manner. The stress has not been affecting me in a negative way. In fact, all of this stress has been motivating me to do my best. It is a good idea to try to channel the bad things in your life into things that will push and motivate you to do your best. I can improve my physical health by directing my focus to the most important things in my life. I can also focus on form by letting my mind wander less and focusing on the mechanics of my efforts. In terms of working out and staying with a routine, Just getting myself to the gym is half the battle because until I get there, there are a million other distractions getting in the way. (5) In order to achieve my goals, I must be more dedicated than I previously was by having self-esteem, a positive attitude, and the will to succeed and become the best version of myself I can be. The improvement of my emotional fitness can be improved in a way that is parallel to improving my physical health because they correlate with each other. If I improve one, then that will improve the other. To specifically work on keeping my current emotional fitness or even improving it, I must work on setting reasonable goals for myself and get creative when tracking my progress. For example, if I plan to run 3 miles a day for three times a week, then I should get a map of your Missouri, draw a line across it, and trace a specific number of miles along the line for each eek I meet my goal. 5) Being able to visualize my goals in my head and how I am going to reach them will automatically give me a positive mindset. As long as I continue to do this, or do it more often, I will improve my emotional fitness. As a physical therapist, it is important to have optimal physical health and emotional fitness. A APT will be more effective if he or she is a model for what the patients want to be come. They will be able to handle many situations in the forever-changing healthcare industry if they are emotionally stable as well. If I continue to stay hectically fit when I eventually get a Job in physical therapy, then I will be more physical self-assessment that I filled out said that overall I had excellent physical health in all areas. Along with that, the two emotional fitness questionnaires gave me results indicating that although I have been somewhat stressed, I still remain positive and have excellent emotional fitness. As long as I continue to work towards becoming the best I can be in every way possible while maintaining a positive attitude, I will have no problem becoming a physical therapist that others look up to. How to cite Physical and emotional health, Papers

Accounting Is Important For Growth Sustainabilityâ€Free Samples

Question: What is the importance of financial reporting among the SMES in Jaipur, India? Answer: Introduction Accounting is very important for the growth and sustainability of both old as well as new businesses globally. The financial books, therefore, need to be in top shape every year in order for other activities to run smoothly and improve profitability. Moreover, proper accounting of financials of the businesses enhances the future trends of the business in terms of making decisions (Guthrie and Parker, 2014). This calls for efficient and long-term plans in terms of accounting for a business because the accounting needs are likely to increase as the business grows. In this case, the international financial reporting framework needs to be adopted because it is associated with several merits (Jorissen et al., 2017). Project Objective To determine the effectiveness of financial accounting report statements in SMEs in Jaipur, India. Project Scope The importance of financial accounts in the businesses cannot be underestimated. The scope of this study will be to focus on non listed private limited liability entities in the financial sector such as banks and other privately owned firms and companies. The SMEs will thus be selected from this class of businesses and their financial statements analyzed. Literature review Accurate financial reporting also gives the investors the willingness and confidence to invest in the business. Moreover, accurate finance reports lead to low costs of capital and ensure that the resources in a business are allocated wisely on the basis of economic development (Suddaby et al., 2015). This calls for the internationally recognized accounting standards to be used because they are of top quality. Another advantage of the global accounting standards in a business is that they can be shared, understood and embraced by several setters of standards globally. Although there are some domestic setters of financial standards, but they need to be in agreement with global setters. In this case, the basic theory of financial standards is not just theory but should be based on support. Since there are very many global standards which act as a financial to global accounting and auditing, the standards adopted should be able to achieve some results. Be hiring a reputable company to ta ke care of the accounting needs of a business, it could be possible to be moving in the right direction in terms of accounting. This makes it possible to fill in some gaps which exist in global accounting which could lead to enhanced business performance. There are some functions of business transactions such as payrolls and ledger books which are almost a daily part of any business (Armstrong et al., 2015). These transactions are carried out on the basis of a set routine and protocol which do not necessarily require expertise in business. In some cases, this can be very dangerous to the company because global accounting standards are very crucial in minimizing errors. In this case, a research will be carried out to determine the use of SMEs in Jaipur city in India. Lack of proper accounting in business is identified with various problems which can negatively affect the continuity and overall performance of a business. For instance, inappropriate accounting makes it difficult for a business to open operations in new markets (Guthrie and Parker, 2014). With increasing varied needs for various market segments, the financial companies face a lot of pressure in an effort to meet the clients' needs. As the shortage of labor increases, so does the companies become in need of talents for its employees. With the young generation adopting technologies, when they retire from service, it becomes important for a company to get other talented people so that they can create plans for the future business operations (Kaya and Koch, 2015). Moreover, there are challenges in creating a team of internal employees who can demonstrate leadership abilities. Such leaders are very crucial for the continuity of the business upon retirement. However, the challenges being faced by businesses in terms of financial accounting and auditing create problems. If some talented leaders would be trained, they would become experts in solving some of the problems that the business might face in the course of its operations (Van Auken and Carraher, 2013). Such motivated and talented employees who possess the best qualities for business operations can thus be an asset because they determine the way in which the customers, employees, and investors perceive the company (Leuz and Wysocki, 2016). However, if the resources are not appropriately allocated due to poor financial reporting, then it becomes difficult for the business to obtain external help in molding the team of next generation leaders who would build the reputation of the business. Justification There are several problems which are associated with lack of proper financial accounting among the SMEs. Most of these classes of business do not adopt the international accounting standards and may mostly rely on their accountants. This could lead to improper decision making which affects the profitability of the business due to failure in meeting the requirements of the business. Another problem which emanates from improper financial reporting is that there are problems with regards to adoption of technology. Some businesses are so reluctant in coping and keeping abreast with the ever-changing trends in technology in order to meet the needs of the customers. Moreover, poor financial reporting could make it difficult to handle the expectations of the clients. This is because nearly every client expects to receive top quality services so that the problems that they are facing can be solved within a short time. It becomes wise that financial reporting companies maintain the customers who are of the same type in terms of meeting their expectations. Secondary research questions Based on the initial aim of determining the level of use of the financial reporting systems in Jaipur, the following research questions will be addressed: Which SMEs are the largest users of financial statements? What are the various ways in which the financial statement reports are used? What is the level of independence in terms of carrying out audits are various SMEs subjected to? Are there any merits or demerits associated with the use of financial statements in accounting? Are there any variations in terms of the quality of the financial reports generated by the SMEs? Research design and methodology Since there are variations and varied arguments on whether to use the qualitative or quantitative methods, this study will adopt the mixed methods. The mixed method will apply many data collection methods in terms of interviews and questionnaire surveys. This will allow the detailed investigation of financial reporting among the SMEs in India by use of several perspectives, a step which will increase the confidence of the researcher on the obtained data and results. The use of multiple sources will enhance a complete and holistic form of data collection for this research. As a result, elements of both the qualitative as well as the quantitative data collection methods will be used. This is because there is a wide range of research questions which needs to be answered to meet the requirements of this research. Some of these research questions are more of descriptive and exploratory, necessitating the use of mixed methods. Qualitative research More specifically, the inclusion of the qualitative aspects of data collection, will make it possible to understand the complex nature of the aspects that are being studied and hence a clear understanding. Since the accounting processes involve the human behaviors, the mixed research will help in gaining an understanding of the nature of usage of accounting information. The qualitative research will therefore use a detailed questionnaire which will have both open ended as well as closed ended questions. Therefore, the concurrent triangulation research approach will be used such that the quantitative and qualitative data collected will be analyzed separately but interpreted together. Quantitative research For the quantitative methodology, well structured interviews will be conducted to the same number of respondents on phone as well as face to face. This will ensure that each of the interviews will have the same set of questions. As such, comparisons between various types of SMEs will be easily made based on the aggregation of the obtained answers. Sample size In this case, all people of 18 years and above will be included in this study. This will be done in order to ensure that the perceptions of social media marketing in financial institutions were covered throughout all ages. More so, the various SMEs in Jaipur city will be interviewed in order to get their reactions and views concerning financial accounting and auditing in decision-making processes (Vander Bauwhede et al., 2015). Having identified the population, it is important for the researcher to draw a sample from the population. This sample is representative of the population being studied and hence the findings of the sample population can be interpreted on to represent the study population (Charan Biswas, 2013). In this research, the sample size will be 150,000 SMEs in Jaipur city of India. Sampling In this study, simple random sampling technique will be used to interview respondents, answer the research questions and test the hypothesis. A pilot study will be carried out before the main study in order to determine the effectiveness of the data collection tool before the main survey. Variables The variables in this research will be classified as dependent (that the researcher is interested in) and independent (affects the dependent variables). The dependent variables will include age, gender of the respondents. The independent variables will include the nature of the business, whether they use the standard financial accounting standards, level of effectiveness of the financial statements, nature of the business and whether they file the tax returns. Data collection Having chosen the sample for this study, forms of informed consent will be sent to the study participants electronically and by hand delivery. The purpose of the study will be explained to the participants and responses will be promised to be confidential and only compiled together with the views of other participants to make a general conclusion and recommendation. The questionnaires will be sent to the respondents via their email addresses while others will be delivered by hand by the research assistants. The participants will be asked to submit the filled questionnaires back to the researcher after three days. The responses received from the questionnaires and interviews will be entered in Microsoft excel, edited and coded as appropriate. The data will be exported into SPSS version 17 data analysis software, analyzed and data presented using descriptive statistics such as means, mode percentages, 5-likert scale and standard deviations. The summaries of the results will be visually presented in forms of tables, charts, and graphs. Moreover, multilinear regression model will be used to find out the use of financial accounting in SMEs. Data analysis The responses received from the questionnaires will be entered in Microsoft excel, edited and coded as appropriate. The data will then be exported into SPSS version 17 data analysis software, analyzed and data presented using descriptive statistics such as means, mode percentages, 5-likert scale and standard deviations. The summaries of the results will be visually presented in forms of tables, charts, and graphs. Moreover, multilinear regression model will be used to find out the effectiveness of financial reporting for SMEs. While the multi-linear regression controls the effects on independent variables, it will also offer information concerning the effects of independent variables. Conclusion It is expected that most of the SMEs that uses financial reporting are banks, tax authorities and some management entities. For the case of large SMEs, the financiers are the biggest users of accounting (Brouwer and Hoogendoorn, 2017). Since the directors form the majority of the shareholders of the SMEs, several sources of information are used for the purposes of decision making. In this case, the SMEs statements are expected to be the biggest source of information for the purpose of decision making. There is a likelihood of using both internal as well as external sources of financial accounting reporting standards (Valentinetti et al., 2016). Most of the tax liability by the directors of the SMEs can be estimated using financial statement. Reliability and validity The use of mixed methods in research is associated with threats to the validity and reliability of the results obtained. For the primary data a test for validity and reliability will be conducted to find out whether the same results can be reproducible. However, for secondary data, there will be no need of carrying out the test because the data will have already been published and signed as passed in the financial statements of various SMEs. Research limitations Some of the limitations of the methodology in this research will be in terms of the long time and effort required. Moreover, the research will require more resources in order to collect enough information to answer the set-out research questions. While many sources of information will be used in order to be confident with the research findings, most likely some of the information obtained might not be collaborative and hence there could be a possibility of the discrepancy of results. Most of the respondents who will be considered in this research are those who have sound business enterprises. Since some of the respondents who will be out of reach will be sent the questionnaires, there might be a possibility of bias in terms of ability to read, write or use internet services. Time plan Activity/ time 2016 May June July August Sept Literature search Proposal preparation Data collection Data analysis Thesis writing Thesis submission Reference List Armstrong, C., Guay, W.R., Mehran, H. and Weber, J., 2015. The role of information and financial reporting in corporate governance: A review of the evidence and the implications for banking firms and the financial services industry. Brouwer, A. and Hoogendoorn, M., 2017. The role and current status of IFRS in the completion of national accounting rulesEvidence from the Netherlands. Accounting in Europe, pp.1-13. Charan, J., Biswas, T. (2013). How to calculate sample size for different study designs in medical research?. Indian journal of psychological medicine, 35(2), 121. Guthrie, J. and D. Parker, L., 2014. The global accounting academic: what counts!.Accounting, Auditing Accountability Journal,27(1), pp.2-14. Jorissen, A., Britton, A., van Mourik, C., Hoogendoorn, M. and Alexander, D., 2017. International Financial Reporting and Analysis. Kaya, D. and Koch, M., 2015. Countries adoption of the International Financial Reporting Standard for Small and Medium-sized Entities (IFRS for SMEs)early empirical evidence. Accounting and Business Research, 45(1), pp.93-120. Leuz, C. and Wysocki, P.D., 2016. The economics of disclosure and financial reporting regulation: Evidence and suggestions for future research. Journal of Accounting Research, 54(2), pp.525-622. Mulvey, G. J. (2015). Ethics in research. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 96(3), 477-479. Suddaby, R., Saxton, G.D. and Gunz, S., 2015. Twittering change: The institutional work of domain change in accounting expertise.Accounting, Organizations and Society,45, pp.52-68. Valentinetti, D., Rea, M.A. and Basile, C., 2016. Differences between national reporting practices and IFRS for SMEs presentation and disclosure requirements: Evidence from Italy. International Journal of Accounting and Financial Reporting, 6(2), pp.146-174. Van Auken, H. and Carraher, S., 2013. Influences on frequency of preparation of financial statements among SMEs. Journal of Innovation Management, 1(1), pp.143-157. Vander Bauwhede, H., De Meyere, M. and Van Cauwenberge, P., 2015. Financial reporting quality and the cost of debt of SMEs. Small Business Economics, 45(1), pp.149-164.