Sunday, January 26, 2020
Detection of Impurities in Nd Doped Phosphate Laser Glass
Detection of Impurities in Nd Doped Phosphate Laser Glass Detection of the impurities in Nd doped phosphate laser glass by x-ray fluorescence technique Atul Kumar*, M. P. Kamath, A. S. Joshi, P. A. Naik, P. D. Gupta Laser Plasma Division A. K. Singh, M. K. Tiwari Indus Synchrotrons Utilization Division Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology, Indore 452013, M.P., India *Email: [emailprotected] Introduction: The advances in laser glass composition and manufacturing have enabled the development of third generation high energy high power (HEHP) lasers like the National Ignition facility (NIF)1 that are being used as drivers for fusion energy studies. These laser glasses are phosphate based because of their low intensity dependent refractive index n2 and have a compositions equivalent to LHG-8 of M/s Hoya, Japan or LG-770 glass of M/s Schott Ltd2. The manufacturing and handling procedures introduce many unwanted impurities in these glasses, leading to lower laser induced damage threshold and lower fluorescence life time. The x-ray fluorescence (XRF) is a powerful technique3 which can identify the elemental composition of such glasses in a non-destructive manner. In the XRF process, the specimen is excited with high energy photons, which can cause individual atoms to ionize. When these atoms undergo relaxation, the electrons relocate from a high energy orbital to a lower one. During this pro cess, fluorescence radiation is emitted. The emitted radiation has lower energy compared to the incident source and it depends on the specific electron transitions of the individual elements. Thus, the resulting x-ray fluorescence spectrum bears the signature of the elements present in the specimen. In the present study, we have performed XRF analysis on different laser glass samples and raw materials used for the fabrication of these glasses namely aluminum metaphosphate (AMP), barium metaphosphate (BMP) and potassium metaphosphate (KMP). The advantage of the this study is that it can indicate to the presence of most of the impurities like transition metal impurities (of interest to us) in one measurement, if their concentrations are of the order of few ppm (by weight) or more. Our studies on the glasses and the raw materials indicate that the raw materials are pure to the desired levels but the glasses fabricated using the raw materials show many impurities. These impurities are expected to enter during handling of the raw materials and from the glass-cullet during fabrication process. This study will help in improving the quality of the glass by repeatedly doing the XRF analysis after every stage, so that faulty handling can be identified. Method of fabrication of the phosphate laser glass: A two arm HEHP Nd:phosphate glass laser chain is operational at Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology (RRCAT), Indore4. A joint collaborative project is undertaken with Central Glass and Ceramic Research Institute (CGCRI), Kolkata to develop the process technology for the fabrication of the phosphate laser glasses equivalent to LHG-8 glass of M/s Hoya, to overcome the existing embargo. The phosphate laser glass is fabricated as a two step process. In the first step, the sintered raw material (AMP, BMP and KMP and Nd2O3 in appropriate fractions) is melted in a silica crucible. The glass-cullet produced as a result of melting in the silica crucible is cast. The cast glass is powdered and loaded in a bottom pouring platinum crucible for optical quality, and chemical and physical homogenization. During these steps in the fabrication, the impurities may be added to the glass at several stages, namely: a) mixing of the raw materials, b) impurities coming from the silica crucible, c) impurities coming from the glass-cullet cast, d) impurities coming from the platinum crucible, e) impurities coming during annealing and fine annealing of the glass. Six samples of laser glass (named LG-1 to LG-6) were fabricated at CGCRI for the studies. XRF analysis was done on different fabricated samples of laser glasses (LG-1 to LG-6) and raw material samples made from AMP, BMP and KMP, to identify the elemental impurities in laser glass and raw materials. In addition to this, the sensitivity of the XRF technique was also ascertained using small amounts of platinum deliberately added to the glass samples. Experiments and Methodology XRF analysis was performed at the BL-16 beamline of Indus-2 synchrotron facility5 on fabricated glass samples and the raw materials after the first step of melting in silica crucible. The glasses had platinum oxide dissolved in them because of its solubility in the laser glass. Platinum comes into the glass as an unavoidable impurity during homogenization of the glass in the platinum crucible. Metallic platinum absorbs at the lasing wavelength (1054 nm) and reduces the laser induced damage threshold (LIDT) of the laser glass. Oxygen bubbling is done in platinum crucible to reduce the OH bond impurity in the hygroscopic phosphate glass. The oxygen bubbling also oxidizes the platinum metal to its oxide, thereby reducing the metallic platinum in the glass. The other impurities occur because of the poor quality of the silica crucible and/or cast of glass-cullet in addition to poor handling during the mixing of the raw materials in the first step of melting. The glasses with different amounts of platinum oxide were: LG-1(5 ppm Pt), LG-2 (10 ppm Pt), LG-3(25 ppm Pt), LG-4 (5 ppm Pt with O2 bubbling), LG-5 (10 ppm Pt with O2 bubbling) and LG-6 (25 ppm Pt with O2 bubbling). Varying platinum oxide content helped in ascertaining the sensitivity of the technique to Pt impurity. In the experiment, an x-ray beam was incident on sample for excitation and scattered spectrum was recorded by the detector shown in Fig. 1. The samples were excited using 14 keV and 17 keV synchrotron x-rays, selected by a double-crystal monochromator system. The analyses have been done on all the raw powder materials (for qualitative analysis) and on the pallets (for quantitative analysis). 15 mm dia. pallets were formed using a semi-automatic pallet machine. One such pallet is shown in sample holder in Fig. 1. Figure 1: Raw specimens analyzed by XRF measurements The captured data was analyzed using the PyMCA software 6. The calibration of the measured fluorescence spectrum was achieved by selecting the ‘K’ lines of various elements present in the laser glass samples, and in the raw material samples. The method of spectrum calibration however needs a proper comparison with a standard doped sample as a confirmatory test to account for the variation in the actual composition of the fabricated laser glass samples and that measured with XRF. In the present study, XRF method was used to qualitatively see the presence of different impurities, strictly from the yes/no point of view, rather than the full quantitative estimation. Results and discussion: Figure 2 shows a typical spectrum of the fabricated LG-1 glasses and the raw material BMP. The impurities found in the fabricated glasses are listed in Table 1. The silicon impurity occurs because of melting in silica crucible. Sr impurity seen in BMP as Ba and Sr are chemically close to each other. For the same reason, Rb impurity was found in KMP. However, there no impurities were seen in AMP. The transition metal impurities however may come either from during handling of raw materials or through the casts of glass-cullet. This will be ascertained in future by casting the glass in casts made of different materials like graphite, aluminum, and stainless steel. The studies of impurities after the casting of the glass will give idea about its origin. In addition to this, the XRF technique was found to be sensitive to ~ 5 ppm of Pt impurities. Figure 2: a) Typical spectrum of a) LG-1 fabricated glass, and b) Barium meta-phosphate specimen (raw material) Table 1: List of the impurities present in the glass samples Summary: We have presented XRF analysis on different laser glasses (LG-1 to LG-6) and raw materials (AMP, BMP and KMP) used for the fabrication of such glasses. The impurities in these glasses may be entering during handling or coming from the silica crucible, or the cast for the glass-cullet. The XRF method was also found to be sensitive up to ~ 3 ppm of platinum, as was observed in studies of LG-4 glass. In contrast, the raw materials were found to be free from transition element impurities. Further studies to improve the quality of glass are required to be undertaken. Acknowledgement: We acknowledge the contribution of Dr. R. Sen, Dr. Annapurna and other colleagues of the glass division, CGCRI Kolkata for preparation of the phosphate laser glass samples for the XRF studies. References: L. L. Seaver, LLNL report (925) 423 (Oct. 2010) J. H. Campbell and T. I. Suratwala, J. Non-Cryst. Solids 318, 2638 (2000). M. Mantler and M. Schreiner, X-Ray Spectrum. 29, 3 (2000) A.S. Joshi et al, EPJ Web of Conferences 59, 08001 (2013). M. K. Tiwari, P. Gupta, A. K. Sinha, S. R. Kane, A. K. Singh, S. R. Garg, C. K. Garg, G. S. Lodha and S. K. Deb, J. Synchrotron Rad. 20, 386 (2013). V.A. Solà ©, E. Papillon, M. Cotte, Ph. Walter, J. Susini, Spectrochimica Acta B 62, 63 (2007)
Saturday, January 18, 2020
Discovering Themes In Poetry
IntroductionPoetry at its deepest level, communicates unspeakable aspects of human experience. It is man’s greatest invention a channel wherein he gains the power to manipulate words to better express his thoughts and feelings. It has the unique ability to delve deeply in all topics imaginable, with which language becomes the media for translation and portrayal, offering an image of a world perceived and delivered through curt and descriptive words.Poets may venture a variety of themes, with all probability that each one may create literary pieces having the same theme. Edna St. Vincent Millay’s â€Å"What Lips My Lips Have Kissed†written on 1923 and Dorothy Parker’s â€Å"Review of the Sex Situation†both touched the theme on love. What made each of their works unique and set apart from one another is the poets’ outlook towards the subject.Similarity of the Poems AnalyzedMillay and Parker’s poems both divulge a sad conclusion on love brought about by a series of unsuccessful attempts on relationships. Contrary to what is implicated in Millay’s â€Å"What Lips My Lips Have Kissed†, the poem does not implicate romance and heart-warming recollections of past relationships. It talks about a woman constantly falling in and out of love and had come to realize that love is an elusive thing:                                   â€Å"I cannot say what loves have come and gone,                                   I only know that summer sang in me                                   A little while, that in me sings no more.†The last line implies resignation, a phrase which seems to have accepte d that â€Å"there is nothing more for me in this thing called love†. Summer passed her by, indicating her chances of finding her heart’s desire had come to pass as well. Further on, the last three lines implies either that she has aged and finding a man who will want her has become beyond probable or her heart has grown tired from flinging from one man to another and finding them â€Å"vanished one by one†. Parker on the other hand, seemed to be wary whether love will still bring good to her when she said:                                              â€Å"With this gist and sum of it,                                              What earthly good can come out of it?†Knowing that l ove is an unsteady and fleeting feeling, the possibility of loving someone only brings about sadness and pain. Love does not serve its purpose when it only breeds grief and unwarranted loyalty. What other purpose does love serve then given the situation? Love, according to the two poets, just seems to come and go and holding on to it and instilling in the consciousness that â€Å"Love is woman’s moon and sun†(Parker) will only be futile and will only cause more sad recollections and loneliness when â€Å"in the winter stands the lonely tree†(Millay).Parker and Millay’s sad conclusion on love was anchored on man’s fleeting emotions. Love, as Parker said, â€Å"is woman’s moon and sun†yet, â€Å"man delights in novelty†and when woman views man as her lord, â€Å"count to ten, and man is bored†. Despite showing the man how much the woman loves him, he seems to be discontented and will grow weary of the relationship. He g oes from one relationship to another, unconsciously leaving each woman behind, sad and broken hearted. Parker portrayed man as a soul discontented and never easily satisfied having one woman beside him. This then lead her to questioning whether love can still be good when man, as a partaker of love, is hardly satisfied with one. Millay seemed to have suffered from man’s uncanny ability to change heart in a short time, as a matter of fact, she had experienced quite a few of them when she opened her poem thus:                                   â€Å"What lips my lips have kissed, and where, and                                    when and why,                                    I have forgotten, and what arms have lain                                   under my head till morning; but in the rain                                   Is full of ghosts tonight, that tap and sigh†¦Ã‚                                   And in my heart there stirs a quiet pain                                   For unremembered lads that not again                                   Will turn to me at midnight with a cry.†The reader may convey a different image from what Millay narrated about her experiences. But the stirring in her heart proved it otherwise. The woman is clearly longing and looking for a true love, yet from all the men she had encountered, she appeared to have been used. It is an understatement that she easily responds to men who turn to her at midnight and cry hoping that in each man, there might be one who truly loves her and will stay. Millay’s experience is a confirmation of what Parker is saying when she concluded men to be easily bored and delighted in novelty.Point of Difference Found in the PoemsWhile both poets shared the same sad realization on love, the tone of the poem marked the difference with which each poet conveyed their message to their reader. Millay tells of a woman who constantly fall in and out of love and had come in full realization that not one of them really stayed long for her to remember:â€Å"I have forgotten, what arms have lain un der my head in the morning. In the end, the poem speaks of loneliness and longing, even regret for something that will never be fulfilled: â€Å"loves has come and gone†¦summer that sang in me†¦sings no more.†She likened each of her encounters to seasons and days, signifying her sadness and brief happiness as well as the gnawing loneliness as she discovered that summer ceased to sing to her. She uses strong and descriptive words that truly showed her feelings. The word vanished implied lost forever and with this she felt lonely. Each element of nature that Millay used – rain, ghosts in the night, midnight with a cry, winter and summer – amplified the strength of her longings and regrets.Parker on the one hand, is a woman who had a full grasp of the reality concerning man-woman relationship and the irony that exists between them. Her poem’s tone is that of sardonic and sarcastic, though, as a woman she still felt wary of what that realization on men implicated. Still, this made her poem less emotional than that of Millay despite the gravity of the message of her poem. Her curt portrayal of man and woman’s difference is to a point laughable yet contemplative; it makes one think for a while and comes to examine the validity of the poet’s claim. Even her concluding statement became less melodramatic:                                              â€Å"With this gist and sum of it,                                              What earthly good can come of it?†While Millay’s concluding statement:                                    â€Å"I cannot say what loves have come and gone,                                    I only know that summer sang in me                                   A little while, that in me sings no more,†divulged resignation and loneliness, Parker’s seemed to challenge her women readers to ponder on the truth of her claim. Though the impact of the question is sad in that it shows love as incompetent and unreliable, it does not invoke a feeling of pity or grief. Her poem’s tone is light and humorous yet very reflective.ConclusionThe theme love is indeed a very broad topic. It covers vast array of situations conceivable in man’s day to day experiences – from sad to hatred born from deceitful love; forbidden love when one or two people di sagrees with the relationship; unrequited love, when only one person experiences the feeling; loneliness when one does not find the right one; and mockery when one seems to have lost faith in love. It can also be love of parents to child, friend to another and human to animals. Discovering varied themes in poetry is indeed very trying for though it constitutes one value, it is further broken down to specific categories whichever it is that the poet find fanciful and relevant.
Friday, January 10, 2020
The Appeal of Comparing and Contrasting Essay Samples
The Appeal of Comparing and Contrasting Essay Samples A comparison essay is among them. Conclusion In the last paragraph, give a brief, general overview of the most essential similarities and differences. For example, you may try to spell out the way that it tastes to be Dracula. Essays might be lightly modified for readability or to defend the anonymity of contributors, but we don't edit essay examples ahead of publication. Writing is a skill that someone can learn. Since you may see, the topics are broken up into multiple categories so it would be simpler that you select one. Before you begin, it is vital to choose topics that you truly know well. Brainstorm the probable topics you're able to argue about effectively. In most instances, the topics you pick should be closely related. Ruthless Comparing and Contrasting Essay Samples Strategies Exploited The introduction has three essential elements. When writing any form of academic paper, an individual should be able to get familiar with the basics of writing. You may also order a fully written compare and contrast essay and alleviate the quantity of work you must do. If you must compose a comparative essay but is unaware on how it is possible to do one effectively, you can browse through the samples that we've gathered for you so that you can be more enlightened on the best way to structure both the content and layout of this sort of essay. If you are thinking about how to begin a compare and contrast essay or merely wish to know how to write one well, first you have to comprehend its objective. You can begin with the sort of topic you select for your compare and contrast essay. Much like descriptive essay examples and other types of academic essays, a comparative essay can be made in various ways. A very good compare-and-contrast essay goes beyond a very simple listing of similarities and differences to earn a meaningful statement about a bigger topic. If you are going to write a comparative essay, you will need to get a notion of the impacts of unique aspects to the result you may get at the conclusion of the writing activity. You might also get in touch with your writer to supply some excess recommendations or request information regarding the order's progress. The conclusion is the simplest part. The following are several ways of organizing and designing such an essay. It's possible to interest books, movies or articles which are discussing exactly the same topic you're likely to approach in your essay. As soon as you inform us about all of the paper information, we'll begin searching for an ideal writer for your paper. This essay lists the wellness benefits existing in both vegetarian and vegan diets as well as the reasons a lot of people choose one of the 2 diets. Nowadays it is quite difficult to locate a trustworthy essay writing service. Based on the writing task which you have at hand, the things you may include in your comparative essay can fluctuate. Reading example essays works exactly the same way! You also know how to discover sources and the very best kind to utilize in your paper to allow it to be relevant and interesting. The sources you use has to be authentic to your topic, also referred to as authoritative, and have to be logical to the message you're trying to get across, or pertinent. As a college student, you have to give yourself the opportunity to experience all compare and contrast essay ideas. You see that it's an unusual topic that might be quite tough to imagine or explain, but some students might just turn that topic into a masterpiece. In the duration of obtaining an education, students need to deal with unique tasks and overcome many challenges of different complexity. Students who excel in writing about such complex topic might have an opportunity to be enrolled into a number of the very best Art universities to come up with their abilities and talent.
Wednesday, January 1, 2020
Brutal The American Civil War - Free Essay Example
Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1846 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2019/05/08 Category History Essay Level High school Topics: Civil War Essay Cold War Essay Did you like this example? Historically war has proven to be an excellent facilitator in the spread of disease. War takes advantage of the crowded unsanitary conditions wounded soldiers are placed in. The movement of sick troops from one base to another spreads any infectious diseases from person to person often unexpectedly. The American Civil War was no exception to this phenomena, with diseases spreading rapidly throughout the troops of both sides. Disease and sickness played such a tremendous role in this war that the leading cause of death wasnt being killed by the opposing side but dying of sickness. The American Civil War began on April 12th 1861 shortly after the election of former President Abraham Lincoln. The war itself took place in thousands of locations across the border of the Southern Confederate States of America and the Northern Union. As its namesake implies, this war was a series of fights between the Northern and Southern states of the United States of America with minimal to no interference from outside countries. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Brutal The American Civil War" essay for you Create order As with most major battles the American Civil War didnt erupt overnight with one incident. The Civil War was the product of a series of confrontations concerning the institution of slavery within the United States. The southern states which lawfully still allowed the ownership of slaves began to experience frequent slave rebellions often resulting in the deaths of slaveholders. The most gruesome rebellion happened on August 1831 at the hands of a slave by the name of Nat Turner. Turner rallied a group of approximately 70 slaves and for two days killed a total of 61 white people across several plantations in southern Virginia. Turners rebellion came to an end after local police and the militia managed to captured its participants. The rebellion resulted in the removal of the few civil rights slaves and free black people possessed. The North had moved away from being a primarily agricultural economy and was progressively moving towards industrialization. With no need for slave labor, slavery was abolished in the North. However, the Souths economy relied on large-scale farming that depended on the labor slaves. Without slaves southerners believed there economy would ultimately collapse and bring about a depression. The election of Republican candidate Abraham Lincoln into office created a sense of unrest in the hearts of Southern slaveholders. President Lincoln was strongly against slavery and tried to abolish it in the United States as a whole. Fearing economic depression southerners began to revolt against President Lincolns ideology. The conflict between North and South continued to grow with a series of event leading up to the start of the war. These included The Compromise of 1850, , the case of Dred Scott v. Sandford, The Bleeding Kansas Era, and The Battle of Fort Sumter. The Compromise of 1850 was a set of laws passed dealing with the controversial issue of slavery. As part of the compromise California entered the Union becoming the 16th free state. The Compromise of 1850 also prohibited the slave trading in the nations capital, Washington D.C. Even though the Compromise banned the slave trade in Washington D.C, it still allowed the holding of slaves within the capital. One of the laws introduced by the Compromise of 1850 was the the Fugitive Slave Law. The law required northerners to return runaway slaves to their owners under penalty of law. The Compromise of 1850 was created in hopes of creating a common-ground for the issue of slavery. However, all of the laws passed under the Compromise did nothing to settle the overall issue of slavery. Tensions increased with the Supreme court case of Dred Scott v. Sandford in 1857. Dred Scott was a Virginia slave who tried to sue for his freedom in court, which reached the level of the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court Justice came to a conclusion. It was decided that because Dred Scott was a once a slave he was a considered a piece of property who therefore lacked the legal rights awarded to a human beings. The decision in Dred Scott v. Sandford continued to increase tensions between the North and South. Antislavery forces were angered by the power the southern states were granted when it came to the ownership of slaves. These antislavery forces felt that it was unconstitutional for slaveholders to still control the lives and right of freed slaves. Despite the Missouri Compromise having already been repealed prior to the case, the decision nonetheless appeared to favor the Southern version of national power. The Bleeding Kansas era was a period of violence during the settling of what is now Kansas. Kansas at a time was just a territory and was the heart of pro-slavery and anti-slavery battles. The Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 overturned the Missouri Compromises use of the latitude as the boundary between slave and free territory. Instead, it used popular sovereignty so that the residents of the territory would determine whether the area became a free state or a slave state. Pro- and anti-slavery protestors rushed into Kansas with hopes of shifting the decision by sheer weight of numbers. Heated exchanges between the two forces lasted 7 years with sporadic violent outbreaks which consumed fifty-six lives. Even though antislavery constitutions were eventually officially ratified, the violence further increased the tension between the North and South. Historians often associate the beginning of the American Civil War with the Battle of Fort Sumter. As a result of the secession on the southern states, the Confederacy had demanded President Lincoln to abandon Fort Sumter as it was located on Charleston Harbor. President Lincoln refused the ultimatum placed on him. The Battle of Fort Sumter took place on April 12, 1861, when Confederate warships turned back the supply convoy being sent to Fort Sumter. Upon halting the convoy the Confederate army proceeded to open fire on the Fort lasting almost a day and a half. After 34 hours of bombarding the stronghold the events leading to the start of the American Civil War ultimately resulted in the secession of 11 southern states and the birth of what was then considered a new separate country. In less than two months a total 7 southern states had chosen to secede from the United States. South Carolina was the first state to separate from the United States on December 20, 1860. Mississippi, Fl orida, Alabama, Georgia, and Louisiana were the next five states to secede shortly after in the month of January. Texas was the last state to separate in the first wave of the secession. The next round of secession resumed on April 17, 1861 with the defection of Virginia and ended on June 8th of that year after Arkansas, North Carolina and Tennessee had seceded. The 11 southern states became The Confederate States of America, the enemy of the Union during this time of social and political unrest. The American Civil War is one of only a few wars where the majority of accounted deaths came from disease or sickness and not combat. With every soldier murdered on the battlefield, two more soldiers would perish from the likes of faulty health. Military camps during the American Civil War provided a stable environment for disease to spread. Camps were cluttered with injured and plagued soldiers, contaminated water, and bad odors. Sanitation was a big factor in the spread of disease as soldiers would go weeks without showering contributing to the foul smell. War doctors are also guilty of aiding in the spread of sickness as many failed to follow protocol. Doctors were limited during the war forcing doctors to bounce from patient to patient within minutes. Doctors didnt have time to wash their hands or sanitize their equipment in between bouncing in between patients. The possibility of blood and puss of one patient being transferred to the open wound of another patient was extremely p ossible. Diarrhea was a common medical problems on both Confederate and Union sides. A total of 1,528,098 cases of severe diarrhea were recorded among Union troops alone. Diarrhea was constant in army life, and most cases werent taken into much consideration. Causes of the diarrhea included food spoilage and bacterium causing dysentery. Dysentery is an infection in the intestinal tract caused by the Shigella bacillus bacterium. Individuals plagued with dysentary experience symptoms ranging from stomach cramps to diarrhea. Chronic diarrhea and chronic dysentery were became a much larger problem during the war than it is today. The fatality rates for the chronic forms were quite high: 16.2% for chronic diarrhea and 12.6% of the cases diagnosed as chronic dysentery. Smallpox was one of the leading causes of death during the Civil War. Smallpox was a serious infectious disease caused by the variola virus that has now been eradicated. The virus itself was contagious, capable of spreading from one person to another. Smallpox is characterized by a fever and severe skin rash. Malaria was a prominent disease during the American Civil War with a total of 1,028,750 reported cases. Malaria is a serious and possibly fatal disease caused by a protozoan parasite in the Plasmodium genus that is transmitted by mosquitoes. Individuals infected with Malaria tend to experience high fever, shaking, vomiting, diarrhea and flu like symptoms. Malaria cant be transmitted through human contact only through the bite of an Anopheles mosquito. Soldiers were generally bitten in the summertime when traveling through dense swamps which harbor the ideal watery habitat for mosquito breeding. Fortunately malaria can now be cured with the use of prescription drugs. Drugs used depend on the type of malaria, severity of symptoms, and where the malaria was contacted. If this war occured in 2018 I dont think there would be a problem in regards to the spread of disease. Aside from fighting, the biggest problem associated with this war was disease that stemmed from unsanitary conditions and unhygienic practices. As a country weve evolved in many ways to combat these. The U.S Armed Forces have set a strict sanitary protocol and our troops dont live in raggedy run down camps as they did in the past. Our surgeons and doctors are no longer amateurs to the medical field, they have undergone years of schooling and medical practice. Medicine has also come along way since then. Modern medicine will be able to treat and cure most if not all of disease that were associated with this war greatly reducing the number of casualties. The 620,000 deaths from the American Civil War be cut in half now that were more advanced in medical and sanitary practices. The American Civil War was a brutal but crucial event in the history of the United States that has forever engraved its mark in our history books. The war was the product of a multitude of triggering events that further increased tensions between the pro-slave Confederacy and the anti-slavery Union. The American Civil War has unique place in terms of casualties with most deaths coming from disease. For every 1 person that died in combat, two more died from sickness. This can be attributed to the inexperience of medical personnel, unhygienic conditions, and shortage of medicinal supplies. Many of the leading causes of diseases like dysentery/diarrhea, smallpox, and malaria wouldnt be a problem with modern medicine, especially smallpox which has now been eradicated.
Tuesday, December 24, 2019
Different Types And Patterns Of The World - 1187 Words
It is early in the morning, and women in Hindu families all over the world are preparing to begin their day. As the women in these families, they have many duties and rituals that they perform daily for them and their families. After washing up, they clean the house and make sure that everything is properly decorated. Next, they prepare the place that they are going to perform a ritual where they make something called a Kolam. Kolams are made in many different places, there are different types and patterns, and there are many reasons that Kolams are said to be made. First, I want to look at what they actually are: A kolam is a drawing that is typically done at the entrance of a house and is created from rice flour. Kolams are not only made for the entrance of a house however. Kolams are also made for things other than every day activities such as weddings and in front of temples, which are considered sacred kolams that are not to be touched. Kolams are drawn for festivals and many other special events. Although there are several traditional patterns, kolams do not always have a pattern and the creativity of the drawing is left up to whomever is drawing it. Kolam is practiced only by women and is taught to the younger girls in the family by the mothers. They are very intricate drawings and there are certain ways in which the women go about drawing them. The place that the women prepare for the kolam is cleaned and then dampened with water in hopes that the dried flourShow MoreRelatedIs Diabetes Mellitus A Serious Condition?917 Words  | 4 PagesDiabetes mellitus is a serious condition that has been spreading around the world. Researchers are interested in this condition because it presents a challenge. The goal of diabetes mellitus is to manage the amount of glucose in the blood. Researchers have come up with data driven models to help manage the glucose in patient’s blood. 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Monday, December 16, 2019
Why South Korean Universities Have Low International Rankings Free Essays
In the first portion of this essay, the grounds ‘Why South Korean Universities Have Low International Rankings ‘ ( Paul Z. Jambor in Academic Leadership: The Online Journal, 2009: Volume 7 ; first issue ) are clearly laid out from legion points of positions refering to two outstanding international rankings ; the Times and the Shanghai rankings ( QS, World A ; Shanghai, 2008 ) . Herein, different facets affecting the complex relationships between pupils and professors every bit good as between pupils, decision makers and the establishments are shown to account for the comparative low rankings of South Korean universities on an international graduated table. We will write a custom essay sample on Why South Korean Universities Have Low International Rankings or any similar topic only for you Order Now That is to state, South Korean universities may really good fall low on international rankings due to the relatively big flexibleness pupils are afforded during the class of their university surveies. The ground I decided to compose this paper is largely because a figure of my co-workers have gone to lengths in converting me to compose about the pupil side of the overall image in add-on to the grounds laid out in the first portion of this essay. Therefore, I am taking this chance to sketch for you a comprehensive organic structure of concluding and grounds in an effort to demo that the hassle-free atmosphere Korean university pupils find themselves in may good be a important clincher for the below mean criterions at South Korean universities. In consequence, this is shown by the low international rankings of Korean universities in both the Times and the Shanghai rankings ( QS, World A ; Shanghai, 2008 ) . As clearly demonstrated in the first portion of this essay, South Korean high school pupils perform good above norm academically in the countries of mathematics, reading and scientific discipline. In comparing, South Korean university pupils find themselves dawdling behind on the international forepart due to the lower criterions of station secondary instruction in Korea, as is exemplified by the rankings of South Korean universities. All in all, while Korean high school pupils are under great trades of force per unit area in run intoing the educational demands set out for them by the Korean Ministry of Education, university pupils however find themselves overly involved in student/sports festivals and extracurricular activities that keep their heads off their educational chases. Furthermore, the institutionally recognized grounds for pupils to lose categories are merely unheard of in most ‘higher ranked ‘ academic establishments. On the whole, Korean university pupils have it relatively easy and few of them seem to take at least their freshers and senior old ages of university instruction every bit earnestly as they should, with many claiming that they in fact do small analyzing in their first-year twelvemonth. On the whole, they may merely be immersed in serious instruction in their sophomore and junior old ages. That is to state aside from the relaxed fresher environment, many pupils in their senior twelvemonth are easy let out of holding to go to categories if they had already found employment before the decision of their surveies, possibly as a consequence of a ill-conceived effort by their disposals to better the pupil employability figures of their establishments. With all these factors combined, since at least 50 per centum of the Times superior system is sentiment based with 40 per centum based on a system of equal reappraisal and ten per centum based on a system of employer reappraisal ( QS World ; Methodology, 2008 ) , it is merely logical to reason that any ineffectualness in the Korean station secondary system of instruction would non travel unnoticed by the ‘peers ‘ and the ’employers ‘ who are being surveyed. Consequently, this would constantly take to lower rankings on a planetary graduated table. The Post High School Break For the most portion the South Korean secondary system of instruction puts pupils under a great trade of force per unit area in readying for the SAT ( Standard Achievement Test ) to acquire into the universities of their pick. What is more, in add-on to the clip pupils spend in high school, they spend long eventides in auxiliary private educational establishments, analyzing 15 hr yearss ( Dillon, 2008 ) , to fix for the SAT. Not surprisingly, South Korean 15 twelvemonth olds do good in mathematics and reading harmonizing to The Programme for International Student Assessment in 2006 ( PISA, 2006 ) . Assumingly, Korean university decision makers are good cognizant of this and are therefore likely to let pupils to hold a comparatively stress free academic twelvemonth as freshers in order to do up for the old twelvemonth of adversity caused by being overworked. Student Surveies My pupil studies reflect this really same point. That is, a important figure of pupils frequently point out that the work load in my Academic English class is inordinate, nevertheless, I would respectfully differ. To be exact, they merely have to manus in 3 written assignments, at less than one page each. Furthermore, there are merely four ratings, two of which are written, one of which is a presentation and the last one being a group treatment trial. All things considered, that barely accounts for an inordinate work load. When I ask my pupils when they study and how much of it they do, frequently times they claim that they ne’er study. Even though this is nonfactual grounds and it may non keep true in all instances, it is yet another indicant that pupil class tonss are instead light in relation to their high school old ages. By and big, pupils do acknowledge that they did more perusal in high school than in their first-year twelvemonth of university, and this does talk volumes for why South Korean universities are ranked relatively low internationally. One would believe that it is merely every bit valuable to hold higher ranked universities, therefore better university pupils, as it is to hold high executing 15 twelvemonth olds, nevertheless, there should be no alibi for South Korean universities to keep their pupils to take down criterions than the high schools that precede them. After all, to hold universities with higher criterions of instruction than those found in high schools would merely be the reasonable thing to make since it is best to raise and non drop the criterion of instruction at each new phase of a immature grownup ‘s educational development. The Annual Student and Sports Festivals Talking sanely, it is safe to presume that there is a clear advantage for pupils to experience comfy at their establishments, yet still disputatiously it may be overreaching acceptable boundaries when many South Korean station secondary establishments make it criterion for their pupils to take the bulk of a hebdomad off each for a pupil and athleticss festival in the spring and autumn semesters. It is the same as giving pupils the big portion of two hebdomads off from an full twelvemonth of their surveies in order to take part in activities that are incidental and more significantly non-academic. Even if pupils are required to come to category at least a few times during the hebdomad of the pupil festival, they are however insufficiently functional as a consequence of the orgy imbibing that goes on during the class of the hebdomad. Even professors are encouraged by their sections to imbibe with their pupils at the beer collapsible shelters. This is for the most portion done as a trade off for the categories that are persuaded to be cancelled by the several sections. All in all, it may non come straight to mind for those in charge that imbibing on weeknights has lay waste toing effects on the coherency degrees of non merely the pupils but besides the professors/instructors in the forenoons to follow. Therefore, irrespective of the figure of existent cancellations, even the categories which are quickly held output low academic consequences. What is more, particularly freshmen pupils, extremely instrumental in puting up and running of the pupil beer collapsible shelters where pupils gather by sections to imbibe together, are frequently excused from category lawfully so they can put up their drink collapsible shelters during the class of the pupil festival. Customarily, the pupils selected for set-up responsibility are frequently excused from go toing regular categories. Relatively Insufficient Excuses for Absences Aside from the institutionally recognized absences during the hebdomad of the pupil and athleticss festivals, leave taking for graduation photo-shoots are for the most portion considered as legitimate absences in the position of the station secondary system. More significantly, pupils are even excused from their regularly scheduled categories in order to look for their annual category and single exposure shoots. What is more, a figure of establishments allow female pupils to be excused for one twenty-four hours a month due to their premenstrual rhythm spasms. Possibly the statement could be made that this is instead unneeded pattern as it is non an equal alibi in higher graded establishments. The South Korean Army Service for Young Men As for my male first-year pupils, most of them miss a twenty-four hours of categories to travel to their ‘Army Test ‘ . This is a standardized physical scrutiny for immature Korean males who are of weaponries bearing age get downing at the age of 19. What is more tragic is that the Korean authorities frequently drafts a important part of male freshmen pupils during the center of the semester alternatively of waiting till the terminal so they could at least have the opportunity to finish their semester of surveies. These pupils frequently miss months of instruction. Taking this catastrophe into history, universities frequently get professors to establish these pupils ‘ classs on the work they had completed up to the point of their military bill of exchange. This is yet once more lost clip in category. After holding completed two old ages in the armed forces, the returning pupils are allowed to get down the semester every bit much as one month into the class. In consequence, it is possible for pupils to lose about an full semester, holding completed merely over a semester of surveies, and still acquire credited for holding concluded both semesters. The Senior Year Employment Excuse What I find the most distressing is the inclination of Korean universities to allow pupils out of go toing a big part of their senior twelvemonth of surveies, all in the hopes of bettering the figures related to the employability of their pupils. On one peculiar juncture, I was even called by one of my former section caputs promoting me to pardon a senior pupil from an full semester of surveies as a consequence of him holding found a occupation less than half manner into his senior twelvemonth. What should be even more distressing is that senior pupils on juncture discovery work in Fieldss unrelated to their big leagues, and still they are able to utilize this employment as an acceptable alibi to lose an full semester of categories. While it is standard pattern for professors and teachers to give some kind of out of category undertaking to these pupils, the sort of work they are able to give them seldom makes up for the schoolroom experience and cognition they could hold gained by really taking active functions in the categories. The Inefficiency of the Heavy Course-load It is true that South Korean pupils have a heavy category burden in their freshers twelvemonth, taking portion in every bit many as 20 hours worth of categories, however, it seems to be inefficient from the point of position that such a high per centum of them can still acquire off without really making any analyzing exterior of the schoolroom, as they frequently claim to make. All in all, it may really good be more advantageous for Korean university pupils to take portion in more efficient instruction with fewer categories that yield higher work loads. The Differential Treatment of Foreign Instructors/Professors by Students What is more, bad reappraisals by foreign professor and teachers frequently find their manner into the unfastened for all to see and therefore farther damaging the reputes of the several establishments. To be precise, the differential intervention of foreign professors by Korean pupils may besides travel far in this regard. It is true that â€Å" in the Chinese Confucian tradition, ‘teacher ‘ is the most well-thought-of profession †( Hofstede, 1986:304 ) and harmonizing to Cortazzi â€Å" Confucianism, with its accent on household values and regard for age and acquisition, has been peculiarly influential on the Korean manner of life †( Cortazzi in Finch, 2000: Ch. 2.4.2 ) . What is more, Underwood states that â€Å" Korea is a Confucian society. Everyone is Confucian, including the Christians †. ( 1998:85 ) However, the high degrees of regard systematically expressed to Korean pedagogues by Korean pupils is seldom conveyed toward the foreign professor/instructor as Confucianism has no established system of behavior toward aliens. Under the Confucian bequest, there is no proviso for pass oning with aliens who are by definition beyond the kingdom of prescription of the proper human relationship under Confucian moralss. Koreans are really polite and follow an luxuriant etiquette but merely toward insiders. They can be rather ill-mannered toward aliens. ( Yum, 1987:84 ) Possibly about automatically, this alone places the mean foreign professor/instructor outside of the Confucian hierarchy, hence being afforded a different criterion of intervention and regard by non merely the pupils but besides the disposal. Case and point, while Korean professors are frequently showered with gifts and congratulationss on instructor ‘s twenty-four hours, this does non look to be the instance for the mean foreign professor/instructor. At least this does non look to be the instance based on personal experience and the experience of a important figure of my co-workers. But of class, my non-Korean pupils are for the most portion much more acute on wishing me a happy instructor ‘s twenty-four hours and are seldom hesitating to bow to all their professors, irrespective of race and nationality. This in itself speaks volumes about the Korean station secondary pupils and their Confucian upbringing. After all, it is non uncommon for Korean pupils to bow to Korean professors in the hallways or at any other organized event. Students even stand up when a Korean professor walks into a room or any public assemblage. Of class this is seldom the instance with foreign professors. In fact, Korean pupils frequently treat foreign professors as if though they were simply their friends. At times they even call foreign professors by their first names, which of class is straight-out rude with regard to the standard intervention toward Korean professors. All in all, the standard behavior toward foreign professors by Korean pupils is really careless, for the most portion nothingness of the deep respect Korean professors are shown. Possibly this is besides because Koreans have â€Å" no experience of diverseness †and â€Å" no openness to difference †( Underwood, 1998:91 ) . Conceivably, due to the non-authoritarian instruction attack of the foreign professor/instructor, pupils may non see the demand to demo the same sum of regard toward the mean alien as opposed to the mean Korean. This difference in intervention between foreign and Korean professors/instructors, nevertheless, does non travel unnoticed by the foreign professors. Often times this is difficult for the ‘foreigner ‘ to get down and it goes far in estranging the foreign professor in what should otherwise be a professional instruction environment where race and nationality should hold small to make with the regard a individual is afforded. What is more, I have even been told by decision makers at one of the station secondary establishments I work for that â€Å" the tennis tribunals are merely for the Korean staff, hence, you can non utilize them. †Subsequently, this was changed to â€Å" the tennis tribunals are merely for tenured staff †, but of class, for the most portion, merely the Korean staff has the opportunity to be tenured. Afterwards the diction changed yet once more and I was told that â€Å" even though the tennis tribunals are usually reserved for tenured staff, an exclusion can be made so you can utilize it. Just do certain you pay the enrollment fees. Besides, make your best to acquire along with the Korean staff and attempt non to do them experience uncomfortable. †Now what in the universe could I perchance do to do them experience uncomfortable? Throw balls or rackets at them? Surely I am non traveling to make that. Overall, this blunt inclination by the disposals tends to direct the incorrect message to pupils, and the ensuing corporate prejudice does be given to estrange foreign professors at the several establishments. Surely, there is a existent likeliness that this has an indirect but negative consequence on the international rankings of Korean universities. That is to state, the word has the inclination to acquire out of Korea, and it is rather sensible to presume that this sort of repute goes far in carrying the ‘peers ‘ and ’employers ‘ , taking portion in the studies conducted by QS Times, to rank Korean universities comparatively low internationally. Keeping in head, that merely Seoul National University made it into the top 200 universities harmonizing to the Shanghai rankings and merely three Korean universities qualified for the top 200 group of station secondary establishments in the Times rankings ( QS, World A ; Shanghai, 2008 ) . This is possibly the bi ggest sarcasm, for it is likely that the differential intervention of the foreign staff may really good hold the most far making effects with respect to the low rankings awarded to Korean universities by the equals and employers being surveyed by QS Times. After all, their combined sentiments accounting for 50 % in weight when it comes to the clinchers used to set up the overall rankings ( QS Times ; Methodology, 2008 ) . Figure 1: The Times Higher Education Methodology Index Explanation Burdening Academic Peer Review Composite mark drawn from equal reappraisal study ( which is divided into five capable countries ) . 6,354 responses in 2008. 40 % Employer Review Score based on responses to employer study. 2,339 responses in 2008. 10 % Faculty Student Ratio Score based on pupil module ratio 20 % Citations per Faculty Score based on research public presentation factored against the size of the research organic structure 20 % International Faculty Score based on proportion of international module 5 % ( QS Times ; Methodology, 2008 ) With the equal reappraisal index accounting for 40 % of the entire weight used to cipher international rankings, would it non be a reasonable thing to handle co-workers as peers. That is to state, the really same co-workers that are treated indifferently by Korean pupils and station secondary establishments, every bit good as their friends with whom they portion personal experiences, could really probably do up a significant per centum of the equals make fulling in the studies. This would certainly ensue in the prescription of lower ranks to South Korean universities and therefore Korean parents would be more inclined to direct their kids to analyze at higher graded universities in the United States. After all, â€Å" Traveling to U.S. universities has become like a immense craze in Korean society, and the Ivy League names – Harvard, Yale, Princeton – have truly struck a nervus, †( Harvard alumnus ; Victoria Kim in Dillon, 2008 ) . Person please state the people in charge of the Korean station secondary establishments for they can no longer afford to let this increased inclination for pupils to analyze abroad as it leads to augmented fiscal strain on the pocketbooks of Korean parents. Overall, Koreans need to take instruction back into their ain custodies and go truly independent in footings of both secondary and station secondary instruction. They owe themselves at least this much. Decision Taken as a whole, Korean establishments and pupils every bit good as policy shapers need to take the above mentioned factors into serious consideration as the transparence of the state of affairs at the several Korean postsecondary establishments is inevitable given the nature of today ‘s planetary society being linked up by the World Wide Web. All in all, they must go more concerned with the likely clinchers that may really good put them in lower ranks internationally. South Korea is non in a bubble, and every attempt must be made to guarantee that Korean pupils are held to international criterions, if the purpose is to better Korean post-secondary establishments on a planetary graduated table. Furthermore, the criterion for attending on all foreparts must be brought to international degrees and the Korean authorities should take the necessary stairss to do certain that male pupils are non pulled out of school half manner into the semester. What is more, universities themselves would be better off in leting pupils back into the pupil population merely when the semester is get downing and non every bit far as a month into it. Besides, establishments should guarantee that senior pupils complete their concluding twelvemonth of surveies and non be allowed to complete early in a mere attempt to better employability statistics. Furthermore, much attention should be taken to guarantee that pupil and athleticss festivals do non hold such profound impact on pupil attendings. Possibly, more significantly, foreign pedagogues should be exposed to the same degree of regard and the same sort of intervention as is the instance with the Korean pedagogues. All in all, the universe is acquiring smaller and smaller with each go throughing twelvemonth, hence, it is imprudent to presume that what goes on behind closed doors stays behind closed doors for the doors have long been opened and the walls have for a piece been crystalline. All in all, any uneffective, deficient and colored patterns at the several establishments should be rooted out at all costs so that Korean station secondary establishments can derive a better stance on today ‘s planetary phase. Most significantly, the differential intervention of foreign professors at Korean universities must discontinue to be as it may travel far in destroying the repute of Korean universities worldwide. Ultimately, it should be stated that it is non my purpose to knock Korean station secondary establishments, nevertheless, I do hold it necessary to pull public and institutional attending to any factors that are likely to lend to the comparative low rankings of Korean universities. This is needed so policy shapers and those groups of people in charge of the establishments can eventually admit that the jobs are echt and therefore be given ample consciousness and chances to efficaciously undertake the debatable issues. Overall, this would travel far in bettering the international rankings of Korean station secondary establishments and as a ensuing effect provide better chances for Korean pupils on a domestic degree, therefore going a win-win state of affairs for all parties involved. How to cite Why South Korean Universities Have Low International Rankings, Essay examples
Sunday, December 8, 2019
Preprofessional Practice for the Clinical Laboratory
Question: Describe about preprofessional practice for the clinical laboratory. Answer: In this case Joe claims that his mother is hospitalized and he needs to call to the hospital to check on her. He asked me to take care of his pending job while he is busy to talk to the hospital. According to the ASCLS code of ethics, every individual has a duty to his or her profession and colleagues. The colleagues should maintain their unity and respect the dignity of each other (Turgeon, 2015). Therefore, in such a condition, when there is an urgent need or the employee has a tension like Joe, it is perfectly fine to ask for help. The other employees should also co-operate in such condition. However, gradually he has started taking advantage of this situation and almost leaving his entire work on me. Moreover, he is spending his time to chat with someone else in the excuse of calling his mother which is not ethically correct. It is mentioned in the ASCLS code that the employees should have dedication towards their duty (Turgeon, 2015). He is not following that and wasting his time by putting the burden of his work on me. There are also other codes of ASCLS, which he has violated. According to the norms, one should maintain a reputation of integrity, reliability and honesty. Joe has lied to me that he calls his mother during his absence of work. I have seen him talking to another employee of the other department for several times while he gives the same excuse of calling to the hospital. What Joe is doing, is violating the ASCLS ethics. According to the ASCLS rules, he can ask for help from his colleague if he needs (Turgeon, 2015). But other than that he should be liable to his duty and he must not create any problem to his co-workers. Except the time when he is calling to the hospital or his mother to know her condition, he needs to focus on his work. His negligence is affecting my work and putting extra pressure on me while he is spending his time by doing nothing but just talking to his friend. Even when I talked to him about this, he did not accept his fault and behaved badly. He should also change this kind of behavior, as this is not ethical to behave with a colleague in such a way who is helping him a lot. He has also lied to his colleague that is totally unfair both professionally and ethically. To maintain a healthy work environment it is very much needed to have a reliability and integrity among the co-workers. One should also be honest to other employees to build a trust and bonding among the employees. Joe has violated these rules of ASCLS by lying to me and by taking undue advantage of my help and sympathy towards him. In such situation, the first thing that I should do is to talk to him about the problem. I already talked to him and tried to make him understand but that did not work. I should give him another chance and make him understand the ASCLS ethical codes. I should also inform how he is violating the codes and I must warn him about the consequences of violating the rules and showing such negligence to his work. Now I should inform and ask to the higher authority to warn him for his negligence towards his work. A warning from the higher authority may work in this case. Prior to complain, I should warn him from my side about the fact that if he continues to ignore his duties and responsibilities, then I will complain about this to the higher authority. After listening this, he may stop the unnecessary wastage of time that he is doing. Reference: Turgeon, M. L. (2015).Linne Ringsrud's Clinical Laboratory Science: The Basics and Routine Techniques. Elsevier Health Sciences.
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